why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The attack was a success. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Best Answer. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Died: 24 March 1603. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. By instinct, Elizabeth was a For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Overview of Elizabeth I / This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Foreign Affairs. West Yorkshire, Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Register for free, Home / 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. LS23 6AD Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Henry himself gave people cause . Save. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. 2) This war was not a success. 214 High Street, What were the causes of westward When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! . 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. - rebelling of scottish lords. Manage Settings By 1568 most people had accepted. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? VAT reg no 816865400. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. First English colony in Virginia established. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. migration? Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. 2. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Elizabeth I: a biography. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. She was a Protestant. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Dedicated to.