petechiae after tanning

Petechiae are a sign of blood leaking from capillaries under your skin. It's certainly more intense than other tanning lotions on the market. Prolonged straining (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, getting choked) can cause this bleeding.". Treatment with corticosteroids. Accessibility Don't expose the area to sunlight, and don't bathe or shower. A 40-year-old man presented with a 10-day history of a worsening rash that began on his legs and advanced to his lower abdomen. Figure 1. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Phase IV trials are used to detect adverse drug outcomes and monitor drug effectiveness in the real world. Idiopathic sunburn purpura should only be diagnosed after other conditions are excluded. Rubegni P, Feci L, Pellegrino M, et al. (January 2018). Society of Critical Care Medicine. Purpura associated with exposure to sunlight. They are sometimes also called petechiae. Idiopathic sunburn purpura at presentation with a petechial rash on the pretibial region of both legs. Medical Definition of Petechiae. Petechiae are less than 2mm in size (about the size of the tip of a crayon). Drinking alcohol also affects the nutrient balance in your body. Small colored spots, called petechiae, may present on your skin after microdermabrasion. Petechiae, fever, myalgias developing within 24 hours of vaccination and persistent joint pain strongly suggest a relationship with vaccination, but a plausible mechanism is difficult for me to formulate. Hemorrhagic petechiae in the conjunctiva and the skin have been related to type of suspension and body height of the victims of hangings. Keep in mind that a jade roller can . Place the gua sha tool at the correct angle. When evaluating a patient who presents with new-onset petechial rash following sun exposure, it is important to rule out vasculitis or thrombocytopenia as the cause, which is best achieved through skin biopsy and a platelet count, respectively. I am just headed to radiation in about 3 weeks, and with the Summer sun fast approaching, I was told that for the rest of my life I will have to protect the radiated side. IgA vasculitis often resolves in one to two months without treatment. And I wanted spray on because I hate smearing stuff on me.Also, in the "I'll find the good in this cancer cr*p department", our Walgreen's sells Hallmark cards. See our Other Publications. MyVision.org is an effort by a group of expert ophthalmologists and optometrists to provide trusted information on eye health and vision. Areas of bleeding under the skin do not become paler (blanch) when you press on the area, like the . Please review our about page for more information. Copyright 2020 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. Dermabrasion and microdermabrasion. While some bruising is unavoidable, its severity is dependent on the skill of the devices operator. Pulmonary manifestations and glomerulonephritis are common.2 ANCA testing is appropriate in all cases of lower extremity palpable purpura. Petechia without thrombocytopenia would be consistent with serum sickness like response, although it is inexplicable to me why this would occur in the left leg more than the right. Petechiae that appear on the chest, neck, and face are often caused by excessive straining, such as during childbirth, or from heavy lifting or weightlifting. Certain medications can be the cause of petechiae. The type of suspension was divided into completely suspended, incompletely suspended, and found with feet touching the ground. I found SPF 50 SPRAY ON (!) If possible, you may be provided with medication to help prevent a recurrence. Feelings of sensitivity will diminish within hours of treatment. Mild superficial epidermal exfoliation was noted on both anterior thighs. Fever With Petechiae In An Infant: Diagnostic And Treatment Conundrum. While most cases are mild, you might need to see a doctor promptly as petechiae can be a sign of a serious underlying medical problem. The oncologist said it was from the chemo, so I suppose Tamoxifen could make you sun-sensitive, too. Drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water a day typically ensures that your skin is getting enough water, but because tanning can dehydrate you, you'll want to drink even more water on days when you tan. Most people respond to treatment with intravenous . The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Alcohol and have Petechiae. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Depending on the facility and the provider performing microdermabrasion, this procedure is generally considered safe, says dermatologist, Dr. Jeanine B. Downie, MD. Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. "It is likely due to the procedure causing minor breaks in superficial blood vessels of the face." . MedicineNet. petechiae and mucosal bleed-ing. Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination: initial reactogenicity data. Sunburn purpura remains a rare phenomenon in which a petechial or purpuric rash develops acutely after intense sun exposure. Patients with darker skin tones may also opt for hydradermabrasion. There are 233 reports in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) of petechiae with the Pfizer vaccine, but all that I could review were associated with thrombocytopenia (The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Results Form (cdc.gov). Causal role of adverse events associated with vaccines is challenging and depends upon number of reports, plausible mechanisms and timing of events. Microdermabrasion is performed with one of two types of handpieces: A vacuum device is also attached to each device, which serves the purpose of suctioning up dead skin cells, dirt, oil and other debris from the skins surface. Because the pressure exerted during treatment with a diamond tip is more easily controlled by the operator, it tends to be used more often on sensitive treatment areas, such as the eyes orlips, or those areas requiring a higher degree of accuracy. For petechiae caused by trauma or straining, the treatment can be as simple as bed rest. World of Forensic Science. I'll find the good in this!This is my first visit here (wish I would have come much sooner!) 4 Best Ones and Alternatives, Probiotics for Acne: Do They Work, How to Use Them and More, Experiencing an active skin infection, such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human papillomavirus or impetigo, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (NSAIDs) for 1 week before treatment, Tanning or waxing for 1 week before treatment. The scalp, face, arms, trunk, and legs were examined, and nonpalpable petechial changes were noted on the anterior aspect of the legs (Figure 1), with changes more prominent on the distal aspect of the legs. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an uncommon and potentially lethal microangiopathy that carries a >90% mortality rate if not treated urgently and appropriately. Drug reactions are also implicated in a substantial number of cases. By bloc, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/petechial-hemorrhage. CBC showed normal white blood cell count, normal hemoglobin/hematocrit, normal platelet count. The answer is E: IgA vasculitis. Went to grandkids soccer. In victims of incomplete hangings, high BMI yielded 2.58 times higher probability of developing petechiae than low BMI. The patient was otherwise healthy and denied any recent illnesses. Microdermabrasion can be used on all skin types and tones with little to no risk. Improvements to the skin following a microdermabrasion session are mild but clinically significant. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help These biopsy results were consistent with sunburn purpura. TREATMENT . Categories . Guidelines for preparing and submitting a Photo Quiz manuscript can be found in the Authors' Guide athttps://www.aafp.org/afp/photoquizinfo. However, it is essential to seek professional help before starting treatment due to potential complications of poorly managed petechial hemorrhage. Shah M, Crane JS. Lancet 2021;397:2043-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01115-6). Knight's Forensic Pathology. A life-threatening disease of the central nervous system caused by the bacteria, Headache, neck pain, fever, light sensitivity, and vomiting, Inflammation of the inner heart layer, including the valves, Shortness of breath, fever and chills, fatigue, and generalized body aches, Cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow, Unintended weight loss, easy bruising with bleeding from gums and nose, fever, and night sweats, Low platelet counts resulting from either autoimmune reactions or reduced production, Bleeding gums, nose bleeding, blood in urine or stool, and yellow eyes or skin. Some organisms that cause infections leading to petechiae can be transmitted from one person to another. To prevent such conditions, you should: Petechiae can indicate a severe underlying disease, especially in young children. "Petechiae is a medical term for small, red marks under the skin's surface," says Dr, Downie. !SPF 50 Hugs,Chen. Bookshelf 414. Petechiae (puh-TEE-kee-ee) commonly appear in clusters and may look like a rash. FastMed operates almost 200 urgent care clinics in five states, under the brands of FastMed, CareSpot and MedPost. MDedge: Keeping You Informed. Acne is a skin infection caused by bacteria that grow in clogged pores. She had no recent history of fluoroquinolone use. 2. World of Forensic Science. I had that during my radiation treatment. Home / Eye Conditions & Diseases / Petechiae. The information on our website is intended for educational purposes only. 1855;2:371382. Following investigations, your doctor might identify a specific cause of the petechiae and recommend the appropriate therapy, which can be: While the petechial lesions usually heal without scarring, the underlying conditions can result in complications if not treated appropriately. American Society of Hematology. World of Forensic Science. (when I wore tank tops or swim suit) more so. Petechiae after scratching. Hemorrhagic petechiae in the conjunctiva and the skin have been related to type of suspension and body height of the victims of hangings. Three other persons with petechiae found only after CPR were in the group of successfully resuscitated persons and exhibited petechiae hours after CPR during therapy in intensive care units - during a phase of ongoing cardiac insufficiency, which obviously caused them. I had #30 sunscreen on but could only be out in the sun for 20 min. : a minute reddish or purplish spot containing blood that appears in skin or mucous membrane as a result of localized hemorrhage. This site uses cookies. but, not actually Dermatology focused so much as the LOL! To be considered for publication, submissions must meet these guidelines. Figure 2. A petechia, or more commonly used in Latin plural, petechiae, are microscopically small dots which appear beneath the skin surface in red, brown or purple color. If skin is very dry you can use an oil in the morning under your moisturiser as the skin will soak it up very quickly. During your first consultation, your provider will ask you questions about your medical history and your use of medications and cosmetics. I'm wearing it to the Relay for Life later in June. Sunburn. The only medication taken was etonogestrel-ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring. Do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting with a qualified healthcare provider. (Oh, and I never allow myself to go into my room, curl up in a ball on the bed, and vow never to leave that position. An unrelated viral illness would be one consideration. Would you like email updates of new search results? Autoantibody testing was not mentioned but is a consideration in light of the duration of symptoms. COVID-19 nasal PCR negative. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of BNT162b2 in subjects having received a first does of ChAdOx1s: Initial results of a randomized, adaptive phase 2 trial (CombiVacS). So why did I buy the kids? Her sis had died 4 days beforeso there was more crying than usual in the Hallmark aisle that day. Petechiae are tiny red spots, usually less than 2 mm, that form on the skin and membranes lining body surfaces like the mouth and eyes. Petechiae are linked to a vitamin B12 deficiency, so indirectly, if your alcohol consumption has affected your body's B12 level, it could cause red dots to form. An official website of the United States government. Adhering to proper aftercare, including frequent moisturization and protection from sun exposure, will minimize the effects of the skins photosensitivity and dryness. It occurs due to intradermal (between epidermis and hypodermis) capillary bleeding. You may also be required to wear protective eyewear to protect your eyes from irritation. Petechiae can result from both niacin (vitamin B3) and vitamin C deficiency. This treatment can address the same skin conditions as microdermabrasion, but is considered even more gentle. Adhering to a consistent treatment plan that allows your skin enough time to heal between sessions is crucial to obtaining ideal results. Usually flat to the touch, petechiae don't lose color when you press on them. It is likely due to the procedure causing minor breaks in superficial blood vessels of the face.. Scientists have reported at least 14 cases of the blood condition thrombocytopenia, an abnormally low platelet count, in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine recipients. Follicular hyperkeratosis. . Statistical analysis showed that incomplete suspension was significantly stronger related to the development of petechiae than complete suspension. Medical content developed and reviewed by the leading experts in allergy, asthma and immunology. Pin-sized reddish-purplish spots called petechiae can appear on the skin. The non-blanching rashes have multiple causes, making them common among different age groups. Fever With Petechiae In An Infant: Diagnostic And Treatment Conundrum. 1829;31(99):229250. Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; southlake carroll basketball. Friction on the skin. Share on Facebook . Copyright 2000-2022 Cancer Survivors Network. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Many patients undergo microdermabrasion without any adverse side effects. The information provided is for educational purposes only. Microdermabrasion: a molecular analysis following a single treatment. Also had fever, tmax 102.0, and myalgias. Ecchymoses or bruises are larger extravasations of blood. A petechial hemorrhage is a tiny pinpoint red mark that is an important sign of asphyxia caused by some external means of obstructing the airways. Normal basic metabolic panel, normal hepatic function panel. . The rash usually develops within seven to 21 days of drug exposure. Capillaries are the tiniest blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. IgA vasculitis is often preceded by an infection, such as an upper respiratory tract infection. Petechiae are pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding. If after midnight: Admit to Emergency Short Stay Unit until Consultant review; Consider investigating and treating as above for the unwell child if . sunscreen at Walgreens. This bleeding can be inside your body, underneath your skin, or from your skin. Petechiae are not a disease, but a symptom of something else. When you press a distinctive rash, it becomes lighter or pale. 2017 Jun;13(2):115-122. doi: 10.1007/s12024-017-9860-y. Drs. BallcapsBluwillo - the ballcap a friend gave me is pink - but says "Fight Like a Girl." As ever, the pathologist must be aware of all the circumstances surrounding the death when interpreting these findings. Hope this helps. Avoid close interaction with individuals who appear sick, as some viral causes of petechiae are contagious. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. This condition is common and can be a sign of other medical conditions. The investigations for the diagnosis of petechiae are as varied as the causes themselves. Encyclopedia.com. Eating foods rich in these vitamins, such as dark green leafy vegetables for vitamin K, can help with healing the tiny spots. Tan, M. H., Spencer, J. M., Pires, L. M., Ajmeri . We do not provide medical diagnosis, advice, or treatments. A collection of Photo Quiz published in AFP is available at https://www.aafp.org/afp/photoquiz. Sepsis resulting from the spread of bacterial infections to different organs. Get plenty of sleep, don't exercise within 24 hours, and try to not lay on the . You can expect your photosensitivity to last for about three weeks. She thought that using lots of sunscreen -- way more than usual -- would prevent it. The evaluation of aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion for photodamage. . The Deluge, the sinking of the Titanic, and the drowning of Virginie in J. St Pierre's eighteenth-, cot death Sudden unexpected death, with no cause identified after post-mortem examination, accounts for between one-third and one-half of deaths occu, The medical examiner (ME) is the person in charge of the forensic investigation of a death that has occurred in his or her area of jurisdiction, whet, grid analysis of pattern The detection of pattern using a contiguous grid of quadrats, rather than random sampling with a given quadrat size. Signs of bleeding may include: Petechiae, which are small, flat red spots under the skin caused by blood leaking from blood vessels Purpura, which is bleeding in your skin that can cause red, purple, or brownish- yellow spots Rao VJ, Wetli CV. Here are the conditions that might be responsible for your skin lesions: The investigations for the diagnosis of petechiae are as varied as the causes themselves. It has been proposed that sunburn purpura is a finding associated with a number of conditions rather than a unique entity.1 The following characteristics can be helpful in describing the development of sunburn purpura: delay following UV exposure, gross morphology, histologic findings, and possible associated medical conditions.1 Our case represents an important addition to the literature, as it differs from previously reported cases. I will make an extra effort to stay under wraps when outdoors. Both petechiae and purpura are non-blanching spots. Petechial hemorrhages on the face are also found in other conditions such as cardiac arrest. Usually flat to the touch, petechiae don't lose color when you press on them. Given the patient's normal platelet count, a diagnosis of idiopathic sunburn purpura was made. What the lotion does is bring blood to the skin surface and, essentially, oxygen to affect the skin's melanin. Considerations. Petechiae are small, purpuric lesions up to 2mm across. I do not think the PEG2000 and cholesterol and lipids had any role in the response due to the small amount in the vaccine and prolonged petechial response. For one day after treatment, avoid using any harsh skin care products, such as chemical peels, and topical acne products. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"gPj5ZRv03IWyWNfF_YfJnnX7VcPaA5ilIxZv6XUUZBI-86400-0"}; The fact that we have also had radiation also adds to the equation. Did not endorse cough, hives, lip swelling, tongue swelling, throat closing, shortness of breath, wheeze, vomiting or abdominal pain. and my first post. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. As a noninvasive procedure, patients do not need to be sedated or anesthetized before treatment. Infections and reactions to medications are two common. Definition. Loyal, Sinclair, Hugh, and Pierson are from the Division of Dermatology, and Dr. Cook is from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. And if the recommended follow-up sessions are not respected, the procedure effects will be reduced.. Book now for $1000 off LASIK + Affordable Financing Options Available, Clinical Practice Guidelines-Petechiae and Purpura. Petechiae are usually reddish-purple in coloration. Epub 2017 Mar 27. "Estimating the effectiveness of the Pfizer COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine after a single dose. It comes and goes. Petechial skin changes acutely following intense sun exposure is a rare phenomenon referred to as sunburn purpura, photolocalized purpura, or solar purpura. 6/24/2021 34 year-old female with no significant past medical history who presented for the evaluation of petechiae rash from Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. plural petechiae p-t-k-. Photolocalized purpura during levofloxacin therapy. is candy a common or proper noun; Tags . . Negative d-Dimer. Side effects, if they present, are mild and temporary and do not cause a significant impact on daily life. JON M. SWEET, MD, AND BENJAMIN H. MULKEY, MD, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia. Identify the 4 stages of wound healing and factors that affect it. (December 2019). Platelets usually function to stick together to stop bleeding in damaged blood vessels. The use of microdermabrasion for acne: a pilot study. Family doc diagnosed it as vasculitis. Careers. Ztopkov L, Jank M, Urbanov P, Mottlov J, Hejna P. Forensic Sci Int. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about our next ride. Wrinkling of the skin, especially around . Petechial skin changes acutely following intense sun exposure is a rare phenomenon referred to as sunburn purpura, photolocalized purpura, or solar purpura. Microdermabrasion is safe for individuals of all skin types and tones, including those with dark skin. Low platelet counts can predispose patients to mild to severe bleeding inside the body or under the [] [Updated 2019 Mar 3]. Laryngohyoid fractures in suicidal hanging: A prospective autopsy study with an updated review and critical appraisal. before I turned red and itchy. Purpura is the name given to the discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to haemorrhage from small blood vessels. Skin rashes and infections following microdermabrasion are rare and typically limited to salons and spas that fail to properly sanitize the handpiece. Petechiae are red, pink, or purple patches just under the skin. Petechiae is a medical term for small, red marks under the skins surface, says Dr, Downie. Two days later, the spots appeared within the most severely sunburned areas of both legs. Petechiae can show up both on dogs' mucous membranes and on their skin. Saving You Time. No rash. 4. I'm not usually sensitive to the sun and don't usually burn so easily. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Deposition of IgA in dermal vessels confirms the diagnosis and rules out other causes of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. On histologic examination, our patient's biopsy demonstrated nonspecific petechial changes without signs of chronic UV exposure, dermal edema, vasculitis, lymphocytic infiltrate, or capillaritis. The patient reported that the lesions were mildly painful to palpation, but she was more concerned about the appearance. Love the red boots as well. However, the date of retrieval is often important. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. A diet rich in vitamin K such as green leafy vegetables and vitamin C supplements can help prevent petechial hemorrhages. She thought that using lots of sunscreen -- way more than usual -- would prevent it. Hypocomplementemia is common with cryoglobulinemia, and there is a strong association between cryoglobulinemia and chronic hepatitis C infection. Some bruising may be visible after microdermabrasion treatment and is due to the pressure generated by the handpieces suction attachment. Chronic UV exposure has been linked to increased skin fragility and the development of purpuric lesions, a benign condition known as actinic purpura and commonly seen in elderly patients. His long-term medications were insulin degludec (Tresiba), semaglutide, and lisinopril. On their own, petechiae are not life-threatening. In 265 cases of hanging, we retrospectively examined whether petechiae relate to type of suspension, body weight and height, body mass index (BMI), age, sex, type and thickness of the ligature, and blood . They are smaller than 2 mm and usually flat. All my best. Avoid using items that have touched someone elses mouth without washing. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. A reanalysis of a study of real-world vaccination outcomes from Israel." Petechiae, fevers and myalgias lasted for one week. IgA vasculitis, formerly known as Henoch-Schnlein purpura, is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis characterized by deposition of immune complexes containing IgA. Medications that commonly cause leukocytoclastic vasculitis include beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfonamides, thiazides, allopurinol, and quinolones. Aside from the common bruise, bleeding into the skin or mucous membranes is a very significant sign and should always be checked out by a health care provider. It's also a common symptom to have after you've given birth. Flat, nonpalpable, and circumscribed; less than 1 cm in diameter; brown, red-purple, white, tan; Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid pale pink with light center. Guarrera M, Parodi A, Rebora A. Basically, a minimum of 2 to 3 weeks is required for petechiae to heal and the affected individual can add another one week depending on the severity of the condition. The follicle openings are often closed with a white . Is it okay to receive the second Pfizer vaccine? There was no significant difference in the frequency of petechiae between the feet touching the ground and complete suspension, and they were therefore considered as one group (complete suspensions). See more with MDedge! If the adverse events were linked to a specific viral immune response, I would not be confident that other COVID-19 vaccines would not result in a similar problem. We have had so much rain in PA in May, so it's hard to go out and purchase sunscreen when you still have the heat on in the house! The .gov means its official. Signs of petechiae may remain for up to two weeks after treatment. I thought if I ran fast enough, the cancer would say "Dude, we can't keep up, we're outta here!" Itchy as heck and I had to get a special medication to alleviate the symptoms. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. Cos I'm broke and cheap!! p-t-k-l. Massage your face using the most effective direction. Learn about the symptoms, treatment, and when to worry here. Petechiae are usually less than 2 mm and any spot of bleeding greater than 2 mm is classified differently because of the distinct causes. If you have a rash from a tanning bed, you'll recognize it from some common symptoms. If your doctor recommends monitoring of the lesions without prescribing any medications, it is likely that your condition is mild and will resolve on its own. Like the causes of petechiae, the treatment options vary, ranging from lifestyle changes, medical prescriptions to surgery. The common causes of Petechiae are: Some of the parameters your doctor will measure include blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and joint motion. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is also a concern. Given the timing of onset, preceding sun exposure, and the morphologic characteristics of the lesions, sunburn purpura was suspected. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. I've had blood work done multiple times in the last 9 months and it was always normal. When compared to other forms of physical exfoliation, microdermabrasion requires no sedation, downtime or recovery period, and can be safely performed in a salon, spa or dermatologists office. Now I'm 28 (F) and I randomly get it everywhere. Purpuric and petechial rashes in adults and children: initial assessment. Luckily, I have worn sun hats for several years so that habit shouldn't be hard to continue. Additionally, the lack of required sedatives or anesthesia during treatment means you can return to your normal schedule immediately after an appointment. There may also be some hyperpigmentation, or patches of darker skin, after the procedure. Patients who require more dramatic skin rejuvenation, such as those with severely photodamaged skin, may require up to 16 treatments. You may be more likely to bruise if you are taking blood thinners, are treating an area with naturally thin skin (such as the eye area) or have thin skin in general. However, the location is the toes and not the legs, so I do not think the description you provided is consistent with this phenomenon. The manifestations appear to be vasospasm but are associated with petechiae. [8] 2. the dermis partial thickness but can become full thickness with infection , trauma, or poor blood supply , mottled red,tan or dull white: blisters: painful indication tissue viability. Solar capillaritis as a cause of solar purpura. Petechiae worsened over the next several days and she developed left lower leg swelling, paresthesia in left lower leg, and dizziness, and the patient went to ER. Idiopathic sunburn purpura should only be diagnosed after vasculitis and/or thrombocytopenia is ruled out, which is best achieved through skin biopsy and a platelet count, respectively. United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) / Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) 1990 - 06/18/2021, CDC WONDER On-line Database.

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