National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets", "The Earliest Paleolithic Occupation in Syria", "Dcouvertes de Restes Humains dans les Niveaux Acheulens de Nadaouiyeh An Askar (El Kowm, Syrie Centrale)", "Protecting one of the best Roman Mosaic Collections in the World: Ownership and Protection in the Case of the Roman Mosaics from Zeugma, Turkey", "Early Urban Development in the Near East", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphrates&oldid=1141923272, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 15:44. Reputed to have once flown through the biblical Garden of Eden, the Euphrates runs for almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) across Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Along with droughts, Iraq and the surrounding area also suffers from climate change and rising temperatures. As the Lord said in the Gospels, Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom (Matt. 24: 7). Some Kurdish-Syrian organisations have accused the Turkish government of exploiting water as a weapon of war, intentionally diminishing the flow into regions of Syria under Kurdish control. I wrote about my views on this in this article: https://himitsustudy.com/2020/02/23/study-of-revelation-the-sixth-trumpet/. Whats happening to the river currently is not the fulfillment of that prophecy. Thank you for signing up to our weekly newsletter. Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf. On which the various lives of the ancients depended heavily on this river. Fortheir power is in their mouth and in their tails;for their tailsarelike serpents, having heads; and with them they do harm. The Euphrates is the longest river of Western Asia. In times of rain, it gushes into northern Syria through the Turkish border and flows diagonally across the war-torn country towards Iraq. The creation of reservoirs with large surfaces in countries with high average temperatures has led to increased evaporation; thereby reducing the total amount of water that is available for human use. [98], During the Syrian civil war and the Iraqi Civil War, much of the Euphrates was controlled by the Islamic State from 2014 until 2017, when the terrorist group began losing land and was eventually defeated territorially in Syria at the Battle of Baghouz and in Iraq in the Western Iraq offensive respectively. [70] In the absence of irrigation, these early farming communities were limited to areas where rainfed agriculture was possible, that is, the upper parts of the Syrian Euphrates as well as Turkey. The Sajur is the smallest of these tributaries; emerging from two streams near Gaziantep and draining the plain around Manbij before emptying into the reservoir of the Tishrin Dam. It also wont be due to an intentional diminishing of water as some believe may be occurring currently (Lifegate). I would say that if you find yourself scared about the last days, ask yourself, what specifically about it are you scared about? Some Kurdish-Syrian organisations have accused the Turkish government of exploiting water as a weapon of war, intentionally diminishing the flow into regions of Syria under Kurdish control. These power stations provide energy to the homes of somethree millioncitizens. [75] Clay boat models found at Tell Mashnaqa along the Khabur indicate that riverine transport was already practiced during this period. What is the Prophetic Significance of the Abraham Accords? Thank you for reading! Species characteristic of this type of forest include the Oriental plane, the Euphrates poplar, the tamarisk, the ash and various wetland plants. [30][31], The Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs from the 1st millennium BCE depict lion and bull hunts in fertile landscapes. When completed, GAP will consist of 22 dams including the Keban Dam and 19 power plants and provide irrigation water to 1,700,000 hectares (6,600sqmi) of agricultural land, which is about 20 percent of the irrigable land in Turkey. This 184-metre-high (604ft) and 1,820-metre-long (5,970ft) dam was completed in 1992; thereby creating a reservoir that is the third-largest lake in Turkey. The 50-year-old farmer told French agencyAFPthat he and his family are thinking of leaving because theres no more water. This steppe is characterised by white wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba) and Amaranthaceae. In the Christian bible, the Euphrates River is significant. These rivers rise in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains along the SyroTurkish border and add comparatively little water to the Euphrates. Is it possible to know when Jesus is coming back? Under hashtag #_ (the Euphrates declines), Syrians posted photos of the water level of the river, showing how parts in along the river inside the Syrian lands dried up. Throughout history, this zone has been heavily overgrazed due to the practicing of sheep and goat pastoralism by its inhabitants. And I saw three uncleanspirits like frogscomingout of the mouth ofthe dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth ofthe false prophet. The Euphrates River is one of the two major rivers that make up the Tigris-Euphrates river system, the other being the Tigris River. Verse 15 (NIV) references the Euphrates Not sure what other translations say? In any event, it just goes to show the LORD does things His own way, and its perfect. [87] The Achaemenid Empire was in turn overrun by Alexander the Great, who defeated the last king Darius III and died in Babylon in 323 BCE.[88]. I believe sometimes we may get a bit too excited in the bible prophecy community and misinterpret things. I read Isaiah 11:11-16 several times but did not see a reference to the Euphrates river. [80] Many of these cities were located along canals of the Euphrates and the Tigris that have since dried up, but that can still be identified from remote sensing imagery. Revelation 6:1-2 "And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. For they are spirits of demons,performing signs,whichgo out to the kingsof the earth and ofthe whole world, to gather them tothe battle of that great day of God Almighty. Now, however,desertificationis advancing, putting whole communities in danger. The pre-1990 peak volume recorded at Ht was 7,510 cubic metres (265,000cuft) per second, while after 1990 it is only 2,514 cubic metres (88,800cuft) per second. The dams constructed as part of GAP in both the Euphrates and the Tigris basins have affected 382 villages and almost 200,000 people have been resettled elsewhere. And when I heard about the Euphrates river drying up I was scared. Sadly, the Tigris, another biblical river, is also losing water and drying out. What is the cause for the Euphrates River to dry up? The Euphrates River Has Completely Dried Up In Iraq And SyriaThe drying up of Euphrates, Syrias longest river is raising concerns as the demise of the water body could lead to a humanitarian disaster in the country. Revelation 9:13-16 describes the release of four angels who are bound at the Euphrates River and the aftermath of their release: the slaying of a 1/3 of mankind by 200 million horsemen: " (13) And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God, (14) Saying to the sixth . Scroll to continue reading. They frequently drink water from the Euphrates River. This river is the longest in western Asia. Lifegate: Its like being in the desert, says Khaled al-Khamees, standing on parched ground in a place where, last year, theEuphratesRiver flowed throughSyria. Climate change has significantly impacted the Euphrates Rivers water levels over time. The LORD will dry up the gulf of the Egyptian sea; with a scorching wind he will sweep his hand over the Euphrates River. Reputed to have once flown through the biblical Garden of Eden, the Euphrates runs for almost 2,800km (1,700 miles) across Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The largest number of people was displaced by the building of the Atatrk Dam, which alone affected 55,300 people. There was a village on the shore of the lake and it was flooded every spring the level of the lake rose to 5 meters. (NA) or dKIB.NUN, with the prefix "d" indicating that the river was a divinity. The river originates in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey, formed by the confluence of several small streams and rivers. Or it could be oil black gold. Over the past ten days, Turkey reduced the water flow to Syria from 500 to 200 cubic meters per second, suspending electricity production at the Euphrates Dam and led to a decrease in the irrigation ad drinking water, besides a remarkable depletion of Lake Assad, SANA said. Once the Euphrates enters the Upper Mesopotamian plains, its grade drops significantly; within Syria the river falls 163 metres (535ft) while over the last stretch between Ht and the Shatt al-Arab the river drops only 55 metres (180ft). The drying up of the Euphrates River has been a topic of discussion among Biblical scholars for many years. On which the various lives of the ancients depended heavily on this river. If you have not placed your faith in Jesus finished work on the cross, I implore you to do so today (2 Corinthians 6:2)! Millions of people in Syria are losing access to water, food and electricity. There are also local bird species that live and use the Euphrates River. The great river Euphrates will dry up because, as some say, the Antichrist will come from the east through the Euphrates, and from the tribe of Ian, one of the sons of the patriarch Jacob. In its upper reaches the Euphrates flows through the mountains of Southeast Turkey and their southern foothills which support a xeric woodland. Yet he veers off the truth when he says that the Sixth Bowl Judgment is during the tribulation. It is NOT! In Sumerian, the name of the city of Sippar in modern-day Iraq was also written UD.KIB.NUN, indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river. This simply isnt the case scripturally nor is it an accurate reflection of whats currently going on in the world. Your email address will not be published. Reference to that day typically refers to the last day, or days. The drying of the Euphrates is the 6th bowl judgment. The River Po cuts right across the top of Italy and flows out east into the Adriatic Sea. In the Christian bible, the Euphrates River is significant. Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties & Human Rights. [32] Sixteenth to nineteenth century European travellers in the Syrian Euphrates basin reported on an abundance of animals living in the area, many of which have become rare or even extinct. Original vegetation also still survives along the river. Apart from plants, you can also see shrews, river otters, wolves, hedgehogs, and wild pigs. This situation threatens to hinder the functioning of two of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the region, located atTishrinandTabqa, drastically reducing the already-lacking supply of electricity andclean water. A question for you though would be what you mean by wrath of God period? Advertisement. The Euphrates River has been drying up for years, but why? Copyright 2010 - 2023 Soul:Ask | Unlock your Mind and Soul. Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Sy ria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf. [77] The spread of southern Mesopotamian pottery, architecture and sealings far into Turkey and Iran has generally been interpreted as the material reflection of a widespread trade system aimed at providing the Mesopotamian cities with raw materials. [64], In Islam, a hadith is mentioned prophecying about unearthing of a gold mountain beneath the Euphrates river before the apocalypse, with many people dying fighting over it; it is said to be one of the future minor signs of the coming of Judgement Day:[65][66]. Revelation explicitly defines the "many waters" as the peoples of the world ( Rev 17:15 ). On the subject of the golden mountain,theologians are still debating. According to both Daoudy and Frenken, Turkey's share is 28 percent, Syria's is 17 percent and that of Iraq is 40 percent. Along its way, it irrigates swaths of land in Syria's. Isaiah 11:11-16 seem to be an end time prophecy we are witnessing today. Here we can learn How many times the Euphrates river dried up. Carnivorous species include the wolf, the golden jackal, the red fox, the leopard and the lion. It's fed by winter snow in the Alps and heavy rainfall in the spring, and has a steep fall that brings. And what is the importance of the Euphrates River? Not at all. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Cyrus diverted the water of the Euphrates enough to allow his army to enter through the channels under the city walls (, 1) The sixth bowl judgment comes near the end of the tribulation. What we see from scripture starting in Genesis is a focus on the Middle East in the beginning and in Revelation the focus is brought right back to that region of the earth. However, this news has also garnered attention from many Christians familiar with bible prophecy for other legitimate reasons as the Euphrates river will play an important role during the tribulation. In the north, the river served as a border between Greater Armenia (331 BC428 AD) and Lesser Armenia (the latter became a Roman province in the 1st century BC). For the Northern Hemisphere, spring has just begun and everything will dry up in June-July, but in the Middle East a drought has already begun and, as it turned out, the Euphrates River has dramatically shallowed. In fact, parts of it are completely dry. [21][22], The drainage basins of the Kara Su and the Murat River cover an area of 22,000 square kilometres (8,500sqmi) and 40,000 square kilometres (15,000sqmi), respectively. Second, we see that the drying up of the Euphrates at this point in time isnt caused by natural means such as a rise in temperature or an increase in severity of droughts as The Siasat Daily notes. Its clear to us that the Euphrates river is significant due to the yet to be fulfilled prophecies concerning it so its not necessary to force a fulfillment upon it. Im just doing my best to stay faithful to what the text says. Thank you for clearing everything up. First, it takes place during the tribulation period and more specifically towards the end as its the second to last bowl judgment. I encourage you to make theright decisionabout Jesus today! [9] Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres (1,900mi), of which 1,230 kilometres (760mi) is in Turkey, 710 kilometres (440mi) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres (660mi) in Iraq. However, there have been several instances in recent history where the rivers flow has significantly decreased due to human activities such as dam construction and water diversions. Arabic: al-Furt; Syriac: Prt, Hebrew: Prat) and in other nearby languages of the time (cf. What is the significance of the Euphrates River? The river joins the Tigris before it empties into the Persian Gulf. The bible makes it clear that our life is like a vapor so tomorrow isnt guaranteed for anyone (James 4:13-14). The rise in temperatures caused by climate change increase the risks and severity of droughts.More than five million people in Syria directly depend on the river.Khaled al-Khamees , a 50-year-old farmer from Rumayleh in Alepp Province, was financially affected when a creeping drought hit his land this year.#Euphratesriver #watercrisis #syria [33], The Hindiya Barrage on the Iraqi Euphrates, based on plans by British civil engineer William Willcocks and finished in 1913, was the first modern water diversion structure built in the TigrisEuphrates river system. Hi Richard. The content of this website does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of Soul:Ask and may contain 18+ material. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! The Elamite name is ultimately derived from a name spelt in cuneiform as , which read as Sumerian is "Buranuna" and read as Akkadian is "Purattu"; many cuneiform signs have a Sumerian pronunciation and an Akkadian pronunciation, taken from a Sumerian word and an Akkadian word that mean the same. Often times people lump the the 6th trumpet judgment in Revelation 9:13-21 with the 6th bowl judgment in Revelation 16:12-16 and I just dont see the relation or the interpretational justification to do so. Archaeologists from numerous countries excavated sites ranging in date from the Natufian to the Abbasid period, and two minarets were dismantled and rebuilt outside the flood zone. All rights reserved. Whenever you may find yourself in a place of doubt, remind yourself to take your eyes off of you and put them onto Christ who we can trust completely. [4] Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov suggest the Proto-Sumerian *burudu "copper" (Sumerian urudu) as an origin, with an explanation that Euphrates was the river by which copper ore was transported in rafts, since Mesopotamia was the center of copper metallurgy during the period. Now, however,desertificationis advancing, putting whole communities in danger. (Documentary), The Birth of Civilisation - Cult of the Skull (8800 BC to 6500 BC), 5 Most Disastrous Accounts of First Contact in History, How We Decoded The Hieroglyphs Of Ancient Egypt, 100 Most Dangerous Ocean Creatures In The World, How They Moved the 60-Ton Granite Blocks into the Great Pyramid, A world art thriller finally solved: How the painting "Prometheus Lyomenos" was found in Tatoi, Greece, The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, Alexander the Great: The Siege and Conquest of the Rock of Sogdiana - The first campaign to conquer a fortress using mountaineering methods in world history, Oaths of the ancient Greek hoplite warriors, Revealing the 1,400-year-old treasure of pure gold in Israel: The legendary Byzantine Empire appeared. Boradpanda is a Professional Entertainment Platform. At the Tishrin Dam, the first into which the river falls in Syria, director Hammoud al-Hadiyyeen described an alarming drop in water levels not seen since the dams completion in 1999. Over 7 million people are affected by the river drying up. NKJV, ESV, NASB, etc) just note the river and dont mention the Euphrates by name unlike the NIV. The 7 seal, 7 trumpet, and 7 bowl judgments all occur within the confines of the tribulation. The steady drop in annual rainfall from the sources of the Euphrates toward the Persian Gulf is a strong determinant for the vegetation that can be supported. [10][11] Finally, some sources also include Jordan in the drainage basin of the Euphrates; a small part of the eastern desert (220 square kilometres (85sqmi)) drains toward the east rather than to the west. In the Christian Bible, the Euphrates River is mentioned in the Book of Revelation, the final book of the New Testament. Actually, although I agree with you RoEI on the fact that the prophecy regarding the drying of the Euphrates as we read in Revelation 16:12-14 isnt happening today, I respectfully disagree with you that its something that takes place *after* the tribulation. [63] Parts of the flooded area have recently become accessible again due to the drying up of the lake, resulting not only in new possibilities for archaeologists to do more research, but also providing opportunities for looting, which has been rampant elsewhere in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion. [50][51][52], Apart from the changes in the discharge regime of the river, the numerous dams and irrigation projects have also had other effects on the environment. The Euphrates River is one of the two major rivers that make up the Tigris-Euphrates river system, the other being the Tigris River. Some of the many reasons why is the multiple dams, droughts, water policies and misuse. Because of low rainfall, high temperatures, and the drying of the river, crops are failing, which has led to over 800 families leaving the villages around the Euphrates River. The Euphrates, which is 2,800 kilometres long, flows from Turkey into Syria and Iraq. I have never witnessed such a situation since the dam was completed in 1999, says Tishrins director Hammoud al-Hadiyyen. The river joins the Tigris before it empties into the Persian Gulf. The river Euphrates by divine concession is drying up for the kings of the nations to cross, with the aim of exterminating each other and other people,says St. Andrew. They will come from the parts of the East, that is, from the parts of Gog and Magog, as we will see about them later in Revelation. Over the past few years, the water level of the Euphrates River has dropped dramatically. Weve all sinned and fallen short of the glory of God (Psalm 51:5,Romans 3:23) and due to this theres nothing we can do to save ourselves or somehow work our way to heaven (Isaiah 64:6). [39], With the implementation of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: Gneydou Anadolu Projesi, or GAP) in the 1970s, Turkey launched an ambitious plan to harness the waters of the Tigris and the Euphrates for irrigation and hydroelectricity production and provide an economic stimulus to its southeastern provinces. When I am not writing, you can find me in front of my TV with a blanket, snacks, and my fur babies. Author, John the Apostle writes about the Euphrates river drying up as part of a series of events that foretell the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. [91][92] A similar crisis, although not escalating to the point of military threats, occurred in 1981 when the Keban Dam reservoir had to be refilled after it had been almost emptied to temporarily increase Turkey's hydroelectricity production. Here are some passages I encourage you to read that speaks to assurance of salvation: John 5:24; 6:35-40; 10:7-10; 27-30; 1 John 5:12-13. [73] During the 5th millennium BCE, or late Ubaid period, northeastern Syria was dotted by small villages, although some of them grew to a size of over 10 hectares (25 acres). This is a prediction of what will happen right before the apocalypse. I appreciate this article for its clear-headed explanation that the present-day drying up of the Euphrates is not a fulfillment of prophecy. This 565-kilometre-long (351mi) canal is intended to drain the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris south of Baghdad to prevent soil salinization from irrigation. [93] In 1984, Turkey unilaterally declared that it would ensure a flow of at least 500 cubic metres (18,000cuft) per second, or 16 cubic kilometres (3.8cumi) per year, into Syria, and in 1987 a bilateral treaty to that effect was signed between the two countries. [76] The Uruk period, roughly coinciding with the 4th millennium BCE, saw the emergence of truly urban settlements across Mesopotamia. Who is the two hundred million army in Revelation nineteen chapter, Hello Cleveland! By these threeplaguesa third of mankind was killedby the fire and the smoke and the brimstone which came out of their mouths. [41] C. 910,000 hectares (3,500sqmi) of this irrigated land is located in the Euphrates basin. For some shall leave out some of their own, and receive in its stead from others, and some complete their own and that of others. Water was wealth. Bible prophecy is not meant to scare but to prepare. There are nearly 2,000 different species! It provided fertile agricultural soil for the communities along the river. Id say that the fact that youre worried at all shows that youre saved. The most notable occurred in the 16th century when the river dried up completely for several years. the land between the rivers). The combined GAP projects on the Turkish Euphrates have led to major international efforts to document the archaeological and cultural heritage of the endangered parts of the valley. . Here can also be found the wild variants of many cereals, including einkorn wheat, emmer, oat and rye. And I wanted to ask, is it bad that I was scared that the end days could be coming near? The Syrian brown bear can be found in the mountains of Southeast Turkey. The Euphrates River. The Mandaic name is Pra (), and is often mentioned as Pra Ziwa (pronounced Fra Ziwa) in Mandaean scriptures such as the Ginza Rabba. This occurs after the Great Tribulation, after the Sixth Seal of the Signs in the Sun, Moon and Stars, after the rapture of the Church (which occurs between the Sixth Seal and the Seventh Seal. [83] Following their collapse, the Old Assyrian Empire (19751750 BCE) and Mari asserted their power over northeast Syria and northern Mesopotamia, while southern Mesopotamia was controlled by city-states like Isin, Kish and Larsa before their territories were absorbed by the newly emerged state of Babylonia under Hammurabi in the early to mid 18th century BCE. Autonomous Administration of Northeastern Syria, which controlled by Kurds, announced that the water level at Lake Assad declined by three meters, Syrian news online Enab Baladi reported on May 3. This year, rainfall in southern Turkey where the Euphrates begins was the lowest in 30 years and for the past two years, the region has . And the tribulation period is all the wrath of God. (Revelation 9:13-19). Especially the flooding of Zeugma with its unique Roman mosaics by the reservoir of the Birecik Dam has generated much controversy in both the Turkish and international press. "Ancient Crystal Weapons" Found In Spain? In all of northeastern Syria,electrical production has already fallen by 70 per centcompared to last year, states Welat Darwish, the head of the energy authority. Acheulean stone artifacts have been found in the Sajur basin and in the El Kowm oasis in the central Syrian steppe; the latter together with remains of Homo erectus that were dated to 450,000 years old. Important sites that have been flooded or affected by the rising waters of Lake Assad include Mureybet, Emar and Abu Hureyra. bobby. For other uses, see, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 15:44, minor signs of the coming of Judgement Day, List of cities and towns on the Euphrates River, "Euphrates River | Definition, Location, & Facts | Britannica", "Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Substrates, Migrations and Trade", Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+16%3A12&version=NIV, "A new Turkish aggression against Syria: Ankara suspends pumping Euphrates' water", "Mideast Water Wars: In Iraq, A Battle for Control of Water", "Dry Aquifers in Arab Countries and the Looming Food Crisis", "Revision of the species of Trionychidae found in Asia and Africa, with descriptions of some new species", "Using Shuttle Radar Topography to Map Ancient Water Channels in Mesopotamia", "Nouveaux Amnagements Hydrauliques sur le Moyen Euphrate Syrienne. What are the seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls (vials) in the Book of Revelation? 8 Best Travel Moments Adventure and Luxury Travel, How does the Scandinavian mountain range affect Norway and Sweden, Learn everything you need to know about obtaining a travel authorization for Bermuda, Travel the World and Explore the Seven Seas, Benefits of Dermaplaning: Revealing the Hidden Glow of Your Skin. [18], The discharge regime of the Euphrates has changed dramatically since the construction of the first dams in the 1970s. Yes, the Euphrates River has been temporarily dried up or reduced to low flow in the past, due to various reasons such as drought, human activities like dam building, or changes in water distribution by upstream countries. December 6, 2022 The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Revelation 16:12 says: "The sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up to prepare the way for the kings from the East. This road leads to my village west of #kobani, which was flooded in year 99 as a result of establishment of a lake on Euphrates river . [14] At the location of the Keban Dam, the two rivers, now combined into the Euphrates, have dropped to an elevation of 693 metres (2,274ft) amsl. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. [48] A survey among those who were displaced showed that the majority were unhappy with their new situation and that the compensation they had received was considered insufficient. Thank you for your question. Habuba Kabira on the Syrian Euphrates is a prominent example of a settlement that is interpreted as an Uruk colony. It also allows large freight barges to navigate up to Baghdad. For these parts of that time are reserved, and shall be mingled one with another and minister one to another. The flow was cut off completely on 16 May 2014 resulting in the Euphrates terminating at the TurkishSyrian border. Have some feedback for us? The minimum volume at Ht remained relatively unchanged, rising from 55 cubic metres (1,900cuft) per second before 1990 to 58 cubic metres (2,000cuft) per second afterward.
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