Streak plate isolation of Mycobacterium smegmatis on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 96 hours at 37oC. Since it can grow in alkaline conditions, it produces a protease that can survive at high pH levels. microbial colonies that showed mucus morphology were streaked on TSA plates to obtain pure cultures. White hyphal growth on the outer edges of the colony followed by: concentric rings of green grainy spore formation with exudate (water droplets resulting from respiration); white grainy spore formation; and finally a pinkish center. 54. Food poisoning can cause cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and fatalities by B. licheniformis toxins, though rare, have been reported. 6346. Simultaneous degradation of cypermethrin and its metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, by the cooperation of Bacillus licheniformis B-1 and Sphingomonas sp. FIG. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 43: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Various organisms can grow on solid media. Proteases are often included in detergents, and amylases in the desizing of textiles and sizing of papers. Note the lemon-yellow colonies characteristic of this organism. Bacteriocins from B. subtilis include the lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic peptide) called subtilin and an antibiotic called subtilosin. Bacillus licheniformis is a common cause. Filamentous form. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. There are increased concerns regarding microbial contaminations, from such bacteria as E. coli and B. licheniformis, when it comes to food processing. FIG. Image 8:The image shows the arrangement of cells, specifically coccus/cocci. Lancaster (PA), DEStech Publications. "Bacillus Subtilis. 9. Epub 2006 Aug 25. Microbiology. 12. (3), The chromosome of B. licheniformis has large regions that are similar to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus halodurans. Bacillus licheniformis is a nonpathogenic soil organism. of B. licheniformis used for the production of a hydrolase enzyme (P87-1511), and two recombinant strains for production of alpha-amylase (P89-1071, and P92-50). These strains can grow in media with 5-40% NaCl concentrations. A wide diversity of physiological abilities is exhibited, ranging from psychrophilic to thermophilic, and acidophilic to alkaliphilic; some strains are salt tolerant and some are halophilic. (D. Barrie Johnson, University of Wales, UK), Figure 33: Mycobacterium smegmatis morphology (Enlarged view). FIG. It was found in the fetal stomach contents showing it was able to enter the bloodstream of the adult and cross the placenta to a bovine fetus. It transfers to the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans via the soil. This bacterium can survive harsh environments by turning into spore-form; when conditions are good, it will turn back into a vegetative state. By studying the effect of two antimicrobial agents on the vegetative cells and spores of . Bacillus licheniformis has been found to cause infection in several cases of immunocompromised patients. (5) Snoke J.E. Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. 3. The genera Bacillus and Clostridium constitute the family Bacillaceae. (8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13082, (9) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_006492.pdf, Edited by Thu Quynh Mai, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano, From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource. Circular form, entire margin. [2] Subtilisin Carlsberg (P00780) secreted by B. licheniformis is used as a detergent protease. These spores are quite tolerant of heat, cold, radiation, and other environmental stresses. Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod, with colonies exhibiting a unique ground-glass appearance, and lacking hemolysis and motility.In addition to these phenotypes, several others traits are characteristic of B. anthracis such as susceptibility to gamma phage, the presence of two virulence plasmids (pX01 and pX02), and specific . (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol. "Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related Bacillus species." (D. Barrie Johnson, University of Wales, UK), Figure 32: Thiomonas-like bacteria morphology (Enlarged view). Further analysis of the same strains by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and API . 5. Under good conditions, the spores will germinate and produce vegetative cells. The surface of B. licheniformis colonies are often rough and wrinkled, with "licheniform", or hair-like growths. Bacillus subtilis, hay bacillus, or grass bacillus was one of the first Gram-positive bacteria to be studied. II. Wastewater must have its pH normalized, have lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, and be free of excess chloride. It is also resistant to some commonly used antibiotics, including oxacillin and nafcillin. 4959. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Addition of this enzyme to toothpastes, mouthwash, etc. Your email address will not be published. Find common criteria that are used to characterize bacterial growth; Colony shape Size of the bacterial colony Appearance of the colony surface Consistency/Texture (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 2: Staphylococcus aureus morphology (Enlarged view). It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds. The organism secretes a keratinase which is capable of complete degradation of a feather within 24 hours, as feathers are made up of 90% keratin. this information and the choices you have about how we use such information. 7(4):204-211. Colonies are both round and irregular in shape, with irregular (undulate, fimbriate) margins. Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram positive spore-forming bacterial species of high biotechnological interest with numerous present and potential uses, including the production of bioactive compounds that are applied in a wide range of fields, such as aquaculture, agriculture, food, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industries. The colony morphology of Bacillus spp. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 10: Streptococcus pneumoniae morphology (Enlarged view). ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. Five distinct stages of cell and colony morphology were observed from the visible colony edge to the center of the plate. B. licheniformis is closely related to Bacillus subtilis. The initial sample was obtained from a swab taken from the bottom of a shoe and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. B. licheniformis and L. bulgaricus, increased the ileal digestibility of amino acids, protein, and starch and the total tract digestibility of DM and OM. Can J Microbiol 51: 191 196. Gram-positive, straight or slightly curved rods, 1.5-3.0 x 0.6-0.8 m in diameter, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Current research try to find the "death kinetics" (2) of these bacteria. This page was last edited on 4 December 2015, at 17:43. 53. B. licheniformis produces a variety of extracellular enzymes that are associated with the cycling of nutrients in nature. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA of the isolates followed by BLAST search revealed that nine strains could be identified as<i> Bacillus licheniformis</i> and one . This reaction also occurs in Gram-negative bacteria; however, the significantly lower levels of peptidoglycan mean that cell samples do not remain purple when a pink counter-stain (safranin) is added. Lactobacillus plantarum cultivated on lactobacillus agar. The main objective of this study is to observe the phenol degradation performance by free and immobilized Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) in batch and continuous reactors, respectively. Shape A bacterial colony can manifest in various shapes which include but not limited to the following: Spiral Bacteria that are twisted or helical in shape which looks like little corkscrews. A characteristic strawberry-like odor is produced by some strains. Bacillus thuringiensis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. 2. Biology Dictionary. Diagnosis was performed according to Gram stain, motility, shape forming, aerobic condition and other tests. In this study, culture conditions were optimized for Bacillus sp. (7) Wecke T, Veith B, Ehrenreich A, Mascher T. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13082, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_006492.pdf, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=61404. FIG. sparrows)and on the water (i.e. Its optimal growth temperature is around 50C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. Color is whitish and may become brown. The sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. Septicaemia is blood poisoning, and is classified as having a large amount of bacteria in the blood. The sample was obtained from a floor and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. Unknown isolate cultivated on nutrient agar. The protease has an optimum pH at around 9 and 10, which is desirable since it can remove protein-comprised dirt in clothes. There are often comma shaped projections from the colony edge producing a "Medusa-head" colony. exhibit large, flat colonies on non-selective media. The plasmid system according to claim 1, which enables a Bacillus strain to fluoresce after the plasmid has . A dry, dull, matte surface appears toward the outer edge of one end of the colony. FIG. It is a rod shaped, endospore bearing bacteria and belong to the family Firmicutes. Buiuc D., Negut M. , 1999. 6346. B. licheniformis, although usually associated with the gut and gastrointestinal tract, can also cause distress in other parts of the body. FIG. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. Genome Biol. Most do not grow well on enteric agars. The effects of temperature(30-40C), fermentation time (24-72 h), initial medium pH (6.0-9.0), carbon sources (soluble, wheat,rice and corn starches) and substrate concentration (5-30 g/L) on the . A bacterial rod is a symmetrical cylinder with rounded ends. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated on trypticase soy agar. FIG. This protease is a desired ingredient in laundry detergent due to its ability to be used in low temperatures, which prevents shrinkage and fading colors. [20], Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus licheniformis from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[27]. Find out more here. In this study, four strains were already isolated and selected previously (D1, D2, X1, and X2) with high probiotic potential. Bacillus licheniformis is a hardy probiotic which is commonly combined with other Bacillus bacteria for optimal probiotic effects. Picture Source:microbiologyinpictures.com. 20. Based on colony morphology, microscopic observations, and cultural, biochemical, and physiological properties, the bacterium was given the name Bacillus spp., Alcaligenes spp., Erwinia spp., Serratia spp., or Pseudomonas spp. FIG. The image below shows how Gram-positive bacteria have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer (in purple). B. licheniformis lives in the barbules, or terminal branches of the barbs of a bird feather. An arrangement is a microbiological term that refers to species-specific bacteria communities. FIG. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. Hence, a colony of bacteria is a clone of genetically alike bacteria. Caused . Bacillus is one of the large genera of bacterial strains. Bacillus licheniformis at 22. Irregular form, undulate margin. There is also research about the possibility that B. licheniformis causes changes in color in birds' feathers; this will provide information on the evolution of molting. Flat elevation. The genus Bacillus covered a great diversity of strains and some of them are strictly aerobic, while others are facultative anaerobic. Statistical analysis with canonical variates gave four well-separated groups, which represented the four species. 1 IntroductionBacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, saprophytic organism that occurs in plant and soil (Veith et al., 2004). It can even go as far as causing abortions in pregnancies and impair sperm motility. FIG. A green discoloration on blood agar may appear. Because B. licheniformis is spore-forming, it it likely to survive industrial processing, i.e. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 55: Isolation of an Unknown Bacterium on Trypticase Soy Agar. Bacillus licheniformis is commonly associated with food spoilage and poisoning. 36. (4). the colony characteristics under light microscope J. Agric . FIG. Circular form, convex elevation, entire margin. [ 55 ] evaluated the effects of a combination of enzymes with probiotics (3 Bacillus spp.) (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 57: An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar. Blbie V., Pozsgi N., 1985, Bacteriologie Medical, vol.ll, Ed. Pulvinate elevation. Biologydictionary.net Editors. Irregular form, undulate margin. [13], B. licheniformis also shows possible applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and biofuels as more examples.[13]. Biologydictionary.net Editors. Mucoid strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae cultivated on sheep blood agar. FIG. A. and Vicente A. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 52: Unknown Fungal Isolate on Trypticase Soy Agar Exhibiting Small Round Colonies. A white base of hyphae surrounds green and yellow grainy spore formation in the center of the colony. This protease is an active ingredient in laundry detergents, removing protein-comprised dirt in clothes. Keratinolytic activities of B. licheniformis could aid in converting this by-product into a useful protein source for animal feed. It has a variety of uses including commercial processes. Epub 2004 Sep 13. Some toxins produced by B. licheniformis have been shown to cause food poisoning in humans. The ability to turn waste feathers into feed would reduce feed costs and decrease the need for pollutants currently used to degrade these feathers [3]. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 13: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). B. licheniformis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, endospore-forming organism, which forms colonies of a moderate (2-4 mm) diameter, exceptionally variable in their appearance and often. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 41: Kurthia morphology (Enlarged view). The shape, morphology, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were analyzed by using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental mapping with a JEM-2100F (JEOL, Tokyo . Bacterial colonies are groups of cells belonging to a clone grown either on the surface of the gel-type solid or embedded in it to absorb the nutrients from it. FIG. "Seaweed could fight tooth decay scientists". Because it is capable of forming endospores that can be easily disseminated, B. licheniformis can be isolated from a variety of places, though it is mainly associated with plant materials. Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry processing industry that are particularly difficult to degrade. Whitman. Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. [12] Amylases are also synthesized by B. licheniformis and used for industrial purposes. The ability of B. licheniformis to form endospores allows it to survive in the harsh environments required to manufacture industrial enzymes, chemicals, and antibiotics. This sample was grown at 4C for one month. of biosurfactants . Various organisms can grow on solid media. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 26: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). General characteristics: Gram-positive, long, spore-forming rods with a diameter of < 0.9 m. Umbonate elevation. Also, cultures of B. licheniformis are made to retain its protease, which is in turn used in laundry detergent. All rights reserved. FIG. Bacillus licheniformis at 37. Bacillus subtilis bacteriocins can affect a much wider range of potentially pathogenic bacteria than the bacteriocins of other, more commonly-used bacteria such as Lactobacillus. Its optimal growth temperature is 50C, but it can also survive at much higher temperatures. B. subtilis is most commonly singular in arrangement. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 8: Streptococcus pneumoniae morphology (Enlarged view). As mentioned, Bacillus licheniformis is commonly found on bird feathers; by fermentation with B. licheniformis, the large amounts of non-digestible proteins found in the feathers can turn into a feather meal for livestock. It is an apathogenic soil organism that is mostly associated with plant and plant materials in nature. 24. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 38: Streptococcus salivarius morphology (Enlarged view). Bacillus subtilis PspoIIA-gfp viewed at low magnification. 29. As Bacillus subtilis biofilms in worm intestines seem to lengthen the worms lifespan, many human users hope for the same effect. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [5][6] It was initially named Clostridium licheniforme by H. Weigmann[7] and renamed Bacillus licheniformis by Frederick D. B. licheniformis can also cause food-borne gastro-enteritis, which is infection of the gut that can lead to a life threatening condition called septicaemia. Bacillus mycoides . FIG. For which exoenzyme does this test? Notice thetypical ground glass appearance. Circular form. Washington, DC 20036, 2023. Can grow on MacConkey agar and Simmons' citrate agar. 37. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, "RNA-Seq of Bacillus licheniformis: active regulatory RNA features expressed within a productive fermentation", "Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Escherichia coli", "Identification and High-level Production of Pulcherrimin in Bacillus licheniformis DW2", "Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage", "Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation", "Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations", "Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis", "On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review", "Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in Drinking Water", "The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens", "Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier", "Unravelling the genetic basis for competence development of auxotrophic Bacillus licheniformis 9945A strains", "Combined Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis infection in a patient with oesophageal perforation", "Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning", "Postoperative neurosurgical infections due to bacillus species", "[Bacillary endophthalmitis. A. and Vicente A. Chester. Genome Biol. FIG. websites owned and operated by ASM ("ASM Web Sites") and other sources. In Gram-positive bacteria strains the peptidoglycan in the cell wall becomes purplish blue when stained by crystal violet. Bacillus firmus. has also been associated with septicaemia, peritonitis, ophthalmitis and food poisoning in humans, as well as with. Yeasts The colony of yeast, which is a type of fungi, is somewhat similar to that of the colony of bacteria. A colony is defined as a visible mass of microorganisms all originating from a single mother cell, therefore a colony constitutes a clone of bacteria all genetically alike. FIG. This phenotype classically presents as small, flat, 2- to 3-mm colonies with a concave or indented center. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of these strains were studied by optimizing their growth conditions such as pH, NaCl and temperature. Birds that tend to stay on the ground more than the air (i.e. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/bacillus-subtilis/. The isolated colonies were counted and the number of bacteria expressed as Log of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g of CSS. FIG. 40. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. FIG. 55. Bacillus Subtilis. Wilkinson, T. (4 July 4 2012). It can cause ophthalmitis, which is the inflammation of the eye. 10-day culture of Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. The pigment is opaque white-beige with a mucoid surface over most of the colony. New York, Nova Science Publishers. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. B. cereus food poisoning may occur when foods are prepared . Weakly irregular form. A colony is a visible mas of microorganism that originated from a single mother cell. There have been reports of reproductive failure and mastitis caused by this bacterium in cattle, sheep and swine. 44. A pathway that leads to endospore formation is initiated when the bacterium is starved. (6) Veith, B., Herzberg, C., Steckel, S., Feesche, J., Maurer, K. H., Ehrenreich, P., Bumer, S., Henne, A., Liesegang, H., Merkl, R., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. (2004) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential. It is spore-forming under harsh conditions and closely related to the widely studied B. subtilis. J. Mol. Isolation of Low-Molecular-Weight Fragments from the Soluble Mucopeptide. Biochemical Journal 106.1 1968. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, andKyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 22: Bacillus anthracis morphology (Enlarged view). SC-1. Specifically, the microbe Bacillus licheniformis has shown a strong tolerance to 2-PE. Two colonies of Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. The pigment is opaque white with a dry, dull, matte surface toward the outer edge of the colony and raised rhizoid growth throughout the colony. Hughes, R. C. The Cell Wall of Bacillus Licheniformis N.C.T.C. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 24: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). Note the rough and dry texture characteristic of this organism's growth. (2) Pereira R., Martins J., Mateus C., Teixeira J. (9). Tamari G. Biology. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 31: Thiomonas-like bacteria morphology (Enlarged view). Picture Source: eurekabrewing.files.wordpress.com. Pulvinate elevation. 43. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Page authored by Clarissa Alejandro and Erin Collins, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 4: Corynebacterium xerosis morphology (Enlarged view). and Cornell N. Protoplast Lysis and Inhibition of Growth of Bacillus licheniformis by Bacitracin. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks). FIG. Researchers are trying to turn bird feathers into a nutritious livestock feed by fermenting non-digestable proteins on bird feathers with B. licheniformis. The colony morphology of B. subtilis refers to how it appears in large quantities. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 7: Serratia marcescens morphology (Enlarged view). (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 25: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). Irregular form, undulate margin. 41. Bacillus subtilis morphology describes rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that show up on both positive and negative Gram stain techniques. The bacterium was subcultured by cutting a chunk of the agar containing the organism and placing it in the middle of a TSA plate then incubating for 1 week at 37 C. FIG. An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting a single circular colony. The strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis GL174 and its endophytic attitude was validated by plating surface-sterilized inoculated cuttings. The sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. FIG. FIG. Bacillus myoides at 22. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. (2018). It is also used to produce bacitracin, a peptide topical and intramuscular antibiotic. Required fields are marked *. FIG. (5), Bacillus licheniformis is a spore-forming soil organism that contributes to nutrient cycling and has antifungal activity. A high microbial density was observed at low NaCl concentration. Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The pathogenesis of Bacillus licheniformis, based on experimental studies, suggests there is localization in the placentomes after bacteremia. (4) Ramnani P, Singh R & Gupta R (2005) Keratinolytic potential of Bacillus licheniformis RG1: structural and biochemical mechanism of feather degradation. They vary in color, share, pigmentation, and other characteristics. 22. Without the support of synthetic chemicals, B. subtilis is not the fastest strain it reduces dry-weight plastic by around 1.75% over a term of 30 days. Species are identified by using morphologic and biochemical criteria. Gerardi, M. (2016). As these bacteria extract carbon and produce heat, the plastic polymers slowly degrade. Death Kinetics of Escherichia coli in Goat Milk and Bacillus licheniformis in cloudberry jam treated by Ohmic Heating. Since about 80% of the coding sequence of B. licheniformis contain B. subtilis orthologs, it is considered part of the subtilis group. Recently discovered filament-forming proteins run along the longer axis of rod-shaped cells and push original and replicated DNA to each end during cell division.